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ConvexPolyhedrons and Compound Shapes

Video Lecture

ConvexPolyhedrons and Compound Shapes ConvexPolyhedrons and Compound Shapes ConvexPolyhedrons and Compound Shapes

Description

In this video I will demonstrate several different methods of creating collision boundaries, also sometimes called collision meshes, using various ConvexPolyhedrons and Compound Shapes. I will also compare the performance and differences between them.

When positioning the parts of a compound shape, you can use a 3d graphics tool to help estimate the positioning. It is is important to know though, that if you use Blender, then be aware that Blender, by default, uses a different coordinate system. In Blender, Z is UP, and the Y axis is used for Near/Far and it is also negative compared to Threejs. So you will need to swap around the coordinates for Y and Z and negate the new Z.

To position an object from the perspective of a default Threejs camera looking down the Z axis, with UP axis [0,1,0], see table for conversion.

Axis Threejs Blender
Up/Down Y / -Y Z / -Z
Left/Right -X / X -X / X
Near/Far Z / -Z -Y / Y

Eg, If the 3D coordinates in Blender are [1,2,3], then in Threejs, the equivalent is [1,3,-2]

Start Scripts

./src/client/client.ts

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// If using Relative Import References
import * as THREE from '/build/three.module.js'
import { OrbitControls } from '/jsm/controls/OrbitControls'
import Stats from '/jsm/libs/stats.module'
import { GUI } from '/jsm/libs/dat.gui.module'
import '/cannon/cannon.min'
import CannonDebugRenderer from './utils/cannonDebugRenderer.js'
import CannonUtils from './utils/cannonUtils.js'
import { OBJLoader } from '/jsm/loaders/OBJLoader'

// If using Module Specifiers
// import * as THREE from 'three'
// import { OrbitControls } from 'three/examples/jsm/controls/OrbitControls'
// import Stats from 'three/examples/jsm/libs/stats.module'
// import {GUI} from 'three/examples/jsm/libs/dat.gui.module'
// import * as CANNON from 'cannon'
// import CannonDebugRenderer from './utils/cannonDebugRenderer'
// import CannonUtils from './utils/cannonUtils'
// import { OBJLoader } from 'three/examples/jsm/loaders/OBJLoader'

const scene = new THREE.Scene()
const axesHelper = new THREE.AxesHelper(5)
scene.add(axesHelper)

var light1 = new THREE.SpotLight()
light1.position.set(2.5, 5, 5)
light1.angle = Math.PI / 4
light1.penumbra = 0.5
light1.castShadow = true
light1.shadow.mapSize.width = 1024
light1.shadow.mapSize.height = 1024
light1.shadow.camera.near = 0.5
light1.shadow.camera.far = 20
scene.add(light1)

var light2 = new THREE.SpotLight()
light2.position.set(-2.5, 5, 5)
light2.angle = Math.PI / 4
light2.penumbra = 0.5
light2.castShadow = true
light2.shadow.mapSize.width = 1024
light2.shadow.mapSize.height = 1024
light2.shadow.camera.near = 0.5
light2.shadow.camera.far = 20
scene.add(light2)

const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(
    75,
    window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight,
    0.1,
    1000
)

const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer()
renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight)
renderer.shadowMap.enabled = true
renderer.shadowMap.type = THREE.PCFSoftShadowMap
document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement)

const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement)
controls.screenSpacePanning = true

const world = new CANNON.World()
world.gravity.set(0, -9.82, 0)
//world.broadphase = new CANNON.NaiveBroadphase() //
//world.solver.iterations = 10
//world.allowSleep = true

const normalMaterial = new THREE.MeshNormalMaterial()
const phongMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial()

let monkeyMeshes: THREE.Object3D[] = new Array()
let monkeyBodies: CANNON.Body[] = new Array()
let monkeyLoaded: Boolean = false

const objLoader: OBJLoader = new OBJLoader()
objLoader.load(
    'models/monkey.obj',
    //'models/monkeyPhysics.obj',
    (object) => {
        //scene.add(object)

        const monkeyMesh = object.children[0]
        ;(monkeyMesh as THREE.Mesh).material = normalMaterial

        // let monkeyMesh: THREE.Object3D
        // let monkeyCollisionMesh: THREE.Object3D
        // object.traverse(function (child) {
        //     console.log(child.name)
        //     if (child.name === "Suzanne") {
        //         monkeyMesh = child;
        //         (monkeyMesh as THREE.Mesh).material = normalMaterial
        //     } else if (child.name.startsWith("physics")) {
        //         monkeyCollisionMesh = child;
        //     }
        // })

        for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            const monkeyMeshClone = monkeyMesh.clone()
            monkeyMeshClone.position.x = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) - 5
            monkeyMeshClone.position.z = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) - 5
            monkeyMeshClone.position.y = 5 + i
            scene.add(monkeyMeshClone)
            monkeyMeshes.push(monkeyMeshClone)

            const monkeyShape = CannonUtils.CreateTrimesh(
                (monkeyMesh as THREE.Mesh).geometry
            )
            //const monkeyShape = CannonUtils.CreateConvexPolyhedron(new THREE.IcosahedronGeometry(1))
            //const monkeyShape = CannonUtils.CreateConvexPolyhedron((monkeyMesh as THREE.Mesh).geometry)
            //const monkeyShape = CannonUtils.CreateConvexPolyhedron((monkeyCollisionMesh as THREE.Mesh).geometry)
            const monkeyBody = new CANNON.Body({ mass: 1 })
            monkeyBody.addShape(monkeyShape)
            // monkeyBody.addShape(new CANNON.Sphere(.8), new CANNON.Vec3(0, .2, 0))// head,
            // monkeyBody.addShape(new CANNON.Sphere(.05), new CANNON.Vec3(0, -.97, 0.46))// chin,
            // monkeyBody.addShape(new CANNON.Sphere(.05), new CANNON.Vec3(-1.36, .29, -0.5)) //left ear
            // monkeyBody.addShape(new CANNON.Sphere(.05), new CANNON.Vec3(1.36, .29, -0.5)) //right ear
            // monkeyBody.addShape(new CANNON.Sphere(.05), new CANNON.Vec3(0, .56, -0.85)) //head top
            // monkeyBody.addShape(new CANNON.Sphere(.05), new CANNON.Vec3(0, .98, -0.07)) //forehead top
            monkeyBody.position.x = monkeyMeshClone.position.x
            monkeyBody.position.y = monkeyMeshClone.position.y
            monkeyBody.position.z = monkeyMeshClone.position.z
            world.addBody(monkeyBody)
            monkeyBodies.push(monkeyBody)
        }

        monkeyLoaded = true
    },
    (xhr) => {
        console.log((xhr.loaded / xhr.total) * 100 + '% loaded')
    },
    (error) => {
        console.log('An error happened')
    }
)

const planeGeometry = new THREE.PlaneGeometry(25, 25)
const planeMesh = new THREE.Mesh(planeGeometry, phongMaterial)
planeMesh.rotateX(-Math.PI / 2)
planeMesh.receiveShadow = true
scene.add(planeMesh)
const planeShape = new CANNON.Plane()
const planeBody = new CANNON.Body({ mass: 0 })
planeBody.addShape(planeShape)
planeBody.quaternion.setFromAxisAngle(new CANNON.Vec3(1, 0, 0), -Math.PI / 2)
world.addBody(planeBody)

camera.position.y = 4
camera.position.z = 4
controls.target.y = 2

window.addEventListener('resize', onWindowResize, false)
function onWindowResize() {
    camera.aspect = window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight
    camera.updateProjectionMatrix()
    renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight)
    render()
}

const stats = Stats()
document.body.appendChild(stats.dom)

const gui = new GUI()
const physicsFolder = gui.addFolder('Physics')
physicsFolder.add(world.gravity, 'x', -10.0, 10.0, 0.1)
physicsFolder.add(world.gravity, 'y', -10.0, 10.0, 0.1)
physicsFolder.add(world.gravity, 'z', -10.0, 10.0, 0.1)
physicsFolder.open()

const clock = new THREE.Clock()

const cannonDebugRenderer = new CannonDebugRenderer(scene, world)

var animate = function () {
    requestAnimationFrame(animate)

    controls.update()

    let delta = clock.getDelta()
    if (delta > 0.1) delta = 0.1
    world.step(delta)
    cannonDebugRenderer.update()

    // Copy coordinates from Cannon.js to Three.js
    if (monkeyLoaded) {
        monkeyMeshes.forEach((m, i) => {
            m.position.set(
                monkeyBodies[i].position.x,
                monkeyBodies[i].position.y,
                monkeyBodies[i].position.z
            )
            m.quaternion.set(
                monkeyBodies[i].quaternion.x,
                monkeyBodies[i].quaternion.y,
                monkeyBodies[i].quaternion.z,
                monkeyBodies[i].quaternion.w
            )
        })
    }

    render()

    stats.update()
}

function render() {
    renderer.render(scene, camera)
}
animate()

./src/client/utils/cannonUtils.ts

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//MIT License
//Copyright (c) 2020-2021 Sean Bradley
import * as THREE from 'three'
import * as CANNON from 'cannon'

interface Face3 {
    a: number
    b: number
    c: number
    normals: THREE.Vector3[]
}

class CannonUtils {
    public static CreateTrimesh(
        geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry
    ): CANNON.Trimesh {
        const vertices: number[] = <number[]>geometry.attributes.position.array
        const indices: number[] = Object.keys(vertices).map(Number)
        return new CANNON.Trimesh(vertices, indices)
    }

    public static CreateConvexPolyhedron(
        geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry
    ): CANNON.ConvexPolyhedron {
        const position = geometry.attributes.position
        const normal = geometry.attributes.normal
        const vertices: THREE.Vector3[] = []
        for (let i = 0; i < position.count; i++) {
            vertices.push(new THREE.Vector3().fromBufferAttribute(position, i))
        }
        const faces: Face3[] = []
        for (let i = 0; i < position.count; i += 3) {
            const vertexNormals =
                normal === undefined
                    ? []
                    : [
                          new THREE.Vector3().fromBufferAttribute(normal, i),
                          new THREE.Vector3().fromBufferAttribute(
                              normal,
                              i + 1
                          ),
                          new THREE.Vector3().fromBufferAttribute(normal, i + 2)
                      ]
            const face: Face3 = {
                a: i,
                b: i + 1,
                c: i + 2,
                normals: vertexNormals
            }
            faces.push(face)
        }

        const verticesMap: { [key: string]: number } = {}
        const points: CANNON.Vec3[] = []
        const changes: number[] = []
        for (let i = 0, il = vertices.length; i < il; i++) {
            const v = vertices[i]
            const key =
                Math.round(v.x * 100) +
                '_' +
                Math.round(v.y * 100) +
                '_' +
                Math.round(v.z * 100)
            if (verticesMap[key] === undefined) {
                verticesMap[key] = i
                points.push(
                    new CANNON.Vec3(vertices[i].x, vertices[i].y, vertices[i].z)
                )
                changes[i] = points.length - 1
            } else {
                changes[i] = changes[verticesMap[key]]
            }
        }

        const faceIdsToRemove = []
        for (let i = 0, il = faces.length; i < il; i++) {
            const face = faces[i]
            face.a = changes[face.a]
            face.b = changes[face.b]
            face.c = changes[face.c]
            const indices = [face.a, face.b, face.c]
            for (let n = 0; n < 3; n++) {
                if (indices[n] === indices[(n + 1) % 3]) {
                    faceIdsToRemove.push(i)
                    break
                }
            }
        }

        for (let i = faceIdsToRemove.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            const idx = faceIdsToRemove[i]
            faces.splice(idx, 1)
        }

        const cannonFaces: number[][] = faces.map(function (f) {
            return [f.a, f.b, f.c]
        })

        return new CANNON.ConvexPolyhedron(points, cannonFaces)
    }

    public static offsetCenterOfMass(
        body: CANNON.Body,
        centreOfMass: CANNON.Vec3
    ): void {
        body.shapeOffsets.forEach(function (offset) {
            centreOfMass.vadd(offset, centreOfMass)
        })
        centreOfMass.scale(1 / body.shapes.length, centreOfMass)
        body.shapeOffsets.forEach(function (offset) {
            offset.vsub(centreOfMass, offset)
        })
        const worldCenterOfMass = new CANNON.Vec3()
        body.vectorToWorldFrame(centreOfMass, worldCenterOfMass)
        body.position.vadd(worldCenterOfMass, body.position)
    }
}

export default CannonUtils

Final Script

./src/client/client.ts

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import * as THREE from 'three'
import { OrbitControls } from 'three/examples/jsm/controls/OrbitControls'
import Stats from 'three/examples/jsm/libs/stats.module'
import { GUI } from 'three/examples/jsm/libs/dat.gui.module'
import * as CANNON from 'cannon'
import CannonDebugRenderer from './utils/cannonDebugRenderer'
import CannonUtils from './utils/cannonUtils'
import { OBJLoader } from 'three/examples/jsm/loaders/OBJLoader'

const scene = new THREE.Scene()
scene.add(new THREE.AxesHelper(5))

const light1 = new THREE.SpotLight()
light1.position.set(2.5, 5, 5)
light1.angle = Math.PI / 4
light1.penumbra = 0.5
light1.castShadow = true
light1.shadow.mapSize.width = 1024
light1.shadow.mapSize.height = 1024
light1.shadow.camera.near = 0.5
light1.shadow.camera.far = 20
scene.add(light1)

const light2 = new THREE.SpotLight()
light2.position.set(-2.5, 5, 5)
light2.angle = Math.PI / 4
light2.penumbra = 0.5
light2.castShadow = true
light2.shadow.mapSize.width = 1024
light2.shadow.mapSize.height = 1024
light2.shadow.camera.near = 0.5
light2.shadow.camera.far = 20
scene.add(light2)

const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(
    75,
    window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight,
    0.1,
    1000
)
camera.position.set(0, 3, 6)

const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer()
renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight)
renderer.shadowMap.enabled = true
document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement)

const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement)
controls.enableDamping = true
controls.target.y = 0.5

const world = new CANNON.World()
world.gravity.set(0, -9.82, 0)
//world.broadphase = new CANNON.NaiveBroadphase() //
//world.solver.iterations = 10
//world.allowSleep = true

const normalMaterial = new THREE.MeshNormalMaterial()
const phongMaterial = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial()

const monkeyMeshes: THREE.Object3D[] = []
const monkeyBodies: CANNON.Body[] = []
let monkeyLoaded = false

const objLoader: OBJLoader = new OBJLoader()
objLoader.load(
    'models/monkey.obj',
    //'models/monkeyPhysics.obj',
    (object) => {
        //scene.add(object)

        const monkeyMesh = object.children[0]
        ;(monkeyMesh as THREE.Mesh).material = normalMaterial
        ;(<THREE.MeshNormalMaterial>(
            (<THREE.Mesh>monkeyMesh).material
        )).flatShading = true

        // let monkeyMesh: THREE.Object3D
        // let monkeyCollisionMesh: THREE.Object3D
        // object.traverse(function (child) {
        //     console.log(child.name)
        //     if (child.name === "Suzanne") {
        //         monkeyMesh = child;
        //         (monkeyMesh as THREE.Mesh).material = normalMaterial
        //     } else if (child.name.startsWith("physics")) {
        //         monkeyCollisionMesh = child;
        //     }
        // })

        for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
            const monkeyMeshClone = monkeyMesh.clone()
            monkeyMeshClone.position.x = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) - 5
            monkeyMeshClone.position.z = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) - 5
            monkeyMeshClone.position.y = 5 + i
            scene.add(monkeyMeshClone)
            monkeyMeshes.push(monkeyMeshClone)

            //const monkeyShape = CannonUtils.CreateTrimesh((monkeyMesh as THREE.Mesh).geometry)
            //const monkeyShape = CannonUtils.CreateConvexPolyhedron(new THREE.IcosahedronGeometry(1))
            //const monkeyShape = CannonUtils.CreateConvexPolyhedron((monkeyMesh as THREE.Mesh).geometry)
            //const monkeyShape = CannonUtils.CreateConvexPolyhedron((monkeyCollisionMesh as THREE.Mesh).geometry)
            const monkeyBody = new CANNON.Body({ mass: 1 })
            //monkeyBody.addShape(monkeyShape)
            monkeyBody.addShape(
                new CANNON.Sphere(0.8),
                new CANNON.Vec3(0, 0.2, 0)
            ) // head,
            monkeyBody.addShape(
                new CANNON.Sphere(0.05),
                new CANNON.Vec3(0, -0.97, 0.46)
            ) // chin,
            monkeyBody.addShape(
                new CANNON.Sphere(0.05),
                new CANNON.Vec3(-1.36, 0.29, -0.5)
            ) //left ear
            monkeyBody.addShape(
                new CANNON.Sphere(0.05),
                new CANNON.Vec3(1.36, 0.29, -0.5)
            ) //right ear
            // monkeyBody.addShape(new CANNON.Sphere(.05), new CANNON.Vec3(0, .56, -0.85)) //head top
            // monkeyBody.addShape(new CANNON.Sphere(.05), new CANNON.Vec3(0, .98, -0.07)) //forehead top
            monkeyBody.addShape(
                new CANNON.Sphere(0.05),
                new CANNON.Vec3(-0.32, 0.75, 0.73)
            ) //left eyebrow top
            monkeyBody.position.x = monkeyMeshClone.position.x
            monkeyBody.position.y = monkeyMeshClone.position.y
            monkeyBody.position.z = monkeyMeshClone.position.z
            world.addBody(monkeyBody)
            monkeyBodies.push(monkeyBody)
        }

        monkeyLoaded = true
    },
    (xhr) => {
        console.log((xhr.loaded / xhr.total) * 100 + '% loaded')
    },
    (error) => {
        console.log('An error happened')
    }
)

const planeGeometry = new THREE.PlaneGeometry(25, 25)
const planeMesh = new THREE.Mesh(planeGeometry, phongMaterial)
planeMesh.rotateX(-Math.PI / 2)
planeMesh.receiveShadow = true
scene.add(planeMesh)
const planeShape = new CANNON.Plane()
const planeBody = new CANNON.Body({ mass: 0 })
planeBody.addShape(planeShape)
planeBody.quaternion.setFromAxisAngle(new CANNON.Vec3(1, 0, 0), -Math.PI / 2)
world.addBody(planeBody)

window.addEventListener('resize', onWindowResize, false)
function onWindowResize() {
    camera.aspect = window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight
    camera.updateProjectionMatrix()
    renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight)
    render()
}

const stats = Stats()
document.body.appendChild(stats.dom)

const gui = new GUI()
const physicsFolder = gui.addFolder('Physics')
physicsFolder.add(world.gravity, 'x', -10.0, 10.0, 0.1)
physicsFolder.add(world.gravity, 'y', -10.0, 10.0, 0.1)
physicsFolder.add(world.gravity, 'z', -10.0, 10.0, 0.1)
physicsFolder.open()

const clock = new THREE.Clock()
let delta

const cannonDebugRenderer = new CannonDebugRenderer(scene, world)

function animate() {
    requestAnimationFrame(animate)

    controls.update()

    delta = clock.getDelta()
    if (delta > 0.1) delta = 0.1
    world.step(delta)
    cannonDebugRenderer.update()

    // Copy coordinates from Cannon.js to Three.js
    if (monkeyLoaded) {
        monkeyMeshes.forEach((m, i) => {
            m.position.set(
                monkeyBodies[i].position.x,
                monkeyBodies[i].position.y,
                monkeyBodies[i].position.z
            )
            m.quaternion.set(
                monkeyBodies[i].quaternion.x,
                monkeyBodies[i].quaternion.y,
                monkeyBodies[i].quaternion.z,
                monkeyBodies[i].quaternion.w
            )
        })
    }

    render()

    stats.update()
}

function render() {
    renderer.render(scene, camera)
}

animate()